After a recent firmware update on a Framework Laptop 13, the EFI System Partition (ESP) can end up with a corrupted FAT filesystem. This is a UEFI/firmware issue, not distro-specific.
Anything that writes to /boot fails with read-only errors. The kernel log (journalctl -k) confirms the corruption:
FAT-fs (nvme0n1p1): Volume was not properly unmounted. Some data may be corrupt.